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Posted:
March 30, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Bankruptcy Fraud

TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

 

#9

Bankruptcy Fraud

The United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 USC 101 et seq. contains numerous provisions addressing issues of fraud. Essentially, the subject matter can be divided into two broad areas: (1) civil bankruptcy fraud and (2) criminal bankruptcy fraud. Each have their own serious implication with the main point to be made being … honestly and thoughtfully make full disclosures.

One of the primary purposes of filing your bankruptcy is to obtain a discharge which is essentially the order by which your obligations are cancelled. The discharge can be denied, however, for debtor misconduct in violating disclosure requirements, cooperation requirements and other misconduct. In the civil context 11 USC 727 (a) provides bases for the denial of a debtor’s discharge. One of which is under 11 USC 727(a)(4), which, in part, provides that the court shall not grant a discharge if the debtor “knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case… made false oath or an account…” Being denied a discharge is a disaster in itself but the criminal ramifications portend time in prison, too.

For instance, the making of a fraudulent statement in connection with a bankruptcy case may also constitute a crime. A violation of 18 USC 152 is a five year felony. A person who:

    (1) Knowingly and fraudulently conceals from a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court charged with the control or custody of property, or, in connection with a case under title 11, from creditors or the United States Trustee, any property belonging to the estate of a debtor;

(2) Knowingly and fraudulently makes a false oath or account in or in relation to any case under title 11; or,

(3) Knowingly and fraudulently makes a false declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28, in or in relation to any case under title 11;

may be convicted under this felony statute.

In the end, your fresh start and freedom are too precious to risk. Always make a full and fair disclosure of assets in your bankruptcy case or do not file it.

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan, where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

 

Posted:
March 29, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Failure to Cooperate

TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

 

#8

Failure to Cooperate

Under the Bankruptcy Code the debtor has significant duties to cooperate with the Trustee. At 11 USC 521 the Bankruptcy Code requires the debtor’s cooperation in assisting the appointed Trustee. The actual duties are set forth very broadly in 11 USC 704 and includes the debtor’s duties to assist the Trustee in litigation.

The debtor must also assist in turning over all books and records to the Trustee. The duty to assist further  extends to attending and cooperating at the Meeting of Creditors required by required by 11 USC 341. The scope of the examination is also quite broad and includes: “The acts, conduct, or property or to the financial condition and liabilities of the debtor, or to any matter which may affect the administration of the debtor’s estate, or the debtor’s right to a discharge.” Bankruptcy Rule 2004(b).

Under local practices in Michigan the Trustee may file a Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Attend the 341 Hearing. In addition, the Trustee or creditors may request more extensive hearings and examinations.

These matters are infrequent. However, it is important for the debtor to understand his or her responsibilities. A failure to meet them could result in a dismissal of their case for failure to cooperate. As always, bankruptcy is a matter of equity and fair treatment. A debtor expecting to receive equity must do equity in return.

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan, where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

 

Posted:
March 29, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Bankruptcy Misconduct

TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

 

      #7

             Bankruptcy Misconduct

 

In earlier postings it has been discussed that bankruptcy relief is available to the honest debtor. In a recent unpublished case by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals this concept was illustrated. The debtor, a businessman obtained significant loans based upon personal financial statements which were untrue. The Bankruptcy Court denied discharge, as to the defrauded creditor, and the Court of Appeals affirmed (agreed with) that decision. The Court of Appeals analysis, in part, follows:

    The principal purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to afford a “fresh start” to the “honest but unfortunate debtor.” Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286-87 (1991). The discharge of prepetition debts provided under § 727(b) and the discharge injunction of § 524(a) effectuate the debtor’s fresh start. See Green v. Welsh, 956 F.2d 30, 33 (3d Cir. 1992).

    (“The protection afforded by the discharge injunction… furthers one of the primary purposes of the Bankruptcy Code – that the debtor have the opportunity to make a financial fresh start.”). Some debts, however, are “nondischargeable,” such that the debtor’s liability continues even after emerging  from bankruptcy protection. Section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code specifies these exceptions, which include, among others, debt obtained through fraud. Section 523(a)(2)(B) addresses debt obtained by certain false statements in writing.

    For a debt to be nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(B), four conditions must be met: the debtor must have sought “money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit” by use of a writing (1) “that is materially false;” (2) concerning “the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition;” (3) “on which the creditor… reasonably relied; and” (4) “that the debtor caused to be made or published with intent to deceive…” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2).

Make sure to discuss with your attorney candidly any skeletons which may be in your closet. In the attorney-client relationship all conversations are privileged and confidential. Your attorney can not effectively counsel or represent you when you are not forth coming with all information, pro and con. There are other kinds of misconduct that may also result in denial of a discharge for obtained debt.

 

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan, where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

 

Posted:
March 27, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Transfers to Friends

TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

 

#6
Transfers to Friends

In keeping with the Bankruptcy Code’s theme of statutory fairness a Trustee in bankruptcy can avoid fraudulent transfers made by a debtor within one year of when the bankruptcy case is commenced. Therefore, the debtor may not transfer for nothing at all or for less than reasonably equivalent or fair value, his property.

These situations generally arise in two contexts. In the first situation a debtor sometimes tries to keep property out of the reach of his creditors or the Trustee and make a transfer before filing the case. The second situation usually arises in the context of business bankruptcies where the transfer renders the debtor unable to pay bills or with unusually small working capital.

In either situation one can see how such transfers are unfair to other creditors who have advanced money in good faith. Thus, 11 USC 548 allows the Trustee go after and recover such transfers, if they are made within the actual fraudulent intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors; or, are made with constructive or imputed fraudulent intent while the debtor is in financial distress.

In addition, in states like Michigan, which have their own Fraudulent Conveyance Act (MCL 566.11) the Trustee may use the state statute too as a recovery vehicle pursuant to 11 USC 544(b), if unsecured creditors of the debtor could have used the provision for recovery under state law.

Transfers that are unwound or recovered then benefit all administrative claims and creditors of the estate.

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan, where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

 

Posted:
March 27, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Payments to Friends

TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

 

#5
Payments to Friends

As discussed in other postings, the Bankruptcy Code is a type of statutory equity. The concept of equity is basically to do what is right and fair to all of the interested parties to a proceeding in bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Code has several enforcement mechanisms to make sure that everyone is treated fairly.

One of these mechanisms is the power afforded to the Trustee to set aside unfair payments or transfers. When a bankruptcy case is filed all of your property becomes a part of the bankruptcy estate. 11 USC 541. The estate is appointed a Trustee by the Court. It is the duty of the Trustee to investigate the financial affairs of each debtor and to represent the estate for the best interests of all creditors.

To operate effectively the Trustee is given certain tools under the Bankruptcy Code. Among these is the power to go after and recover from third-parties preferential transfers that the debtor made before the bankruptcy. Specifically, 11 USC 547(b) allows the Trustee to recover property for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate and all creditors from a creditor who received a payment, or amount of a past indebtedness, when the debtor was insolvent, within 90 days before the filing, which allowed that creditor to receive more than it would have received as a distribution from the estate.

Thus, the money received by a creditor, out of turn or in preference, to others can be ordered turned over to the Trustee by the Judge. This is done so that all administrative and creditor claims are treated fairly.

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan, where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

 

Posted:
March 21, 2012
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Oppression of Minority Shareholders: What are Shareholder Rights?

Oppression of Minority Shareholders:

What are Shareholder Rights?


    As discussed in previous posts, a minority shareholder can bring an action against the directors and/or others that are in control of a corporation for illegal, fraudulent or oppressive conduct, MCL 450.1489.  Willfully oppressive conduct is defined by the statute as a continuing course of conduct or a significant action, or series of actions, that substantially interferes with the interest of the shareholder “as a shareholder.”

 

The question then arises as to what the interests of a shareholder are. In other words, what are the rights incidental a shareholder’s interests? Generally, speaking a shareholder’s rights in a close corporation consists of: the right to inspect the books and records and for a reasonable accounting; the right to vote and participate in management of the corporation; and, the right to receive a share of the profits of the business. These rights are based upon statutes and the common law of Michigan.

 

More recently, by amendment of the Shareholder Oppression Statute, MCL 450.1489, the Legislature has added employment security in certain circumstances. It has been amended to add the following language: “Willfully unfair and oppressive conduct may include the termination of employment or limitations on employment benefits to the extent that the actions interfere with distributions or other shareholder interest disproportionately as to the affected shareholder.”

 

These are the types of rights which if violated in a significant way or on a continuous basis may form a minority shareholder oppression case pursuant to MCL 450. 1489. In blog postings to follow we will examine some of the cases when oppressive acts have been found and not found under the shareholder oppression statute.

 

In the meantime, it is interesting to note that Michigan has a long history prior to the Shareholder Oppression Statute protecting minority shareholders. One of the interesting cases is Dodge Brothers v. Ford Motor, Co., 204 Mich 459 (1919). In that case the minority shareholders requested and received a court order requiring Henry Ford (majority holder) to declare and pay a significant dividend to the minority shareholders. The Michigan Supreme Court noted that Ford’s refusal appeared to be arbitrary because the company had consistent profits and was at the time cash rich. Apparently, Mr. Ford’s reluctance may have had something to do with keeping his competitors from receiving money that they would use to compete against him. In any event, in equity, because the purpose of an investment is to make money, the Michigan Courts for over 90 years now, have ordered dividends paid in an appropriate case.

[Guy Vining, an attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan, where he serves the local communities and the tri-county area. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

 

Posted:
March 5, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Continuing to use your Credit Card

TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

#3
Continuing to use Credit Cards

The Bankruptcy Code is designed to give the honest debtor a second chance and to treat all creditors in a fair and uniform manner. One problem which arises is the situation where the debtor continues to use credit a short time before filing a bankruptcy. Under such circumstances it can be argued that this is abusive to a particular creditor.

Therefore, certain consumer debts and cash advances incurred at 90 and 70 days, respectively, before filing maybe deemed to non-dischargeable. The ultimate goal of bankruptcy is discharge of debts and so non-dischargability is to be avoided. In addition, to the non-dischargeable aspect of these items it can also create a great deal of additional legal expenses to you. That is because a creditor’s claim for non-dischargability will likely require a response from your legal counsel and additional charges will apply.

A Debtor does have a defense that if the goods and services acquired were “reasonably necessary for the support and maintenance of the debtor or a dependent of the debtor” that they are still dischargeable. However, all of this takes time and money to argue.

As a rule therefore, put those credit cards away at least 90 days before filing your case. Otherwise, you may be in for an objection to your discharge and a finding by a judge of non-dischargeability. Even if the survive these allegations you will be incurring a great deal of needless expense.

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

Posted:
February 23, 2012
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Top Ten Bankruptcy Mistakes: Borrowing from Friends

       TOP TEN BANKRUPTCY MISTAKES

   #2

 Borrowing From Friends

 

    If you are in serious financial difficulty it ordinarily results from credit card and other non-secured debt that you can not pay. In a consumer bankruptcy, whether Chapter 7 or Chapter 13, all of the unsecured debt can ordinarily be discharged or reduced and paid off over an extended time for a fraction of the debt

Borrowing from friends or family to keep from filing a bankruptcy will usually amount to throwing “good money after bad.” If you are unable to keep up with your credit card and other debt then how can you hope to repay the family member or your friend?

The Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Rules set forth a complex set of requirements for the equitable treatment of all parties in a bankruptcy. Bankruptcy Rule 1007(a)(1) requires that you list all creditors in your bankruptcy case – even family and friends. All creditors must be treated equally with respect to distributions of property, if any.

Why burden a loved one with your financial situation and possibly lose a friend or create family tension? Moreover, if a loan might help then why not seek professional help to see if the loan can be secured to protect that lender?

Only analysis of your particular situation will be able to determine a prudent course of action. However, in most instances it is better not to put in jeopardy a friend or family member pre-petition. After your other debts are discharged it would be safer for them and more helpful to you to receive a loan.

[Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in metro-Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan where he serves the downriver communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Westland, Wayne, and Ecorse. If you or a family member of friend would like a no-obligation no cost consultation/financial analysis, just call or E-mail Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, P.L.C to schedule a meeting.]

Posted:
July 7, 2010
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Comments Off on Part 2. What to consider in hiring your bankruptcy lawyer

Part 2. What to consider in hiring your bankruptcy lawyer

Guy Vining, a bankruptcy attorney, in downriver Detroit, maintains his office in Taylor, Michigan where he serves the local communities of Monroe, South Rockwood, Newport, Carleton, Rockwood, Gibraltar, Brownstown Township, Woodhaven, Trenton, Southgate, Riverview, Wyandotte, Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Romulus, Dearborn Heights, Dearborn, Huron Township, Wayne, Westland and Ecorse. If you or a family member or a friend would like a no obligation no cost consultation / financial anaylsis, just call Guy Vining of Vining Law Group, PLC and we will pleased to schedule an appointment at your convenience.

In this part 2 of essentials of hiring your bankruptcy attorney or lawyer Guy Vining will further explain why it is important to select your legal counsel with care for bankruptcy and other matters. While there are literally hundreds of bill boards, yellow page and newspaper adds screaming stop foreclosure, stop garnishment, lowest prices, etc., etc. how do you really choose? How do you know? Is the lowest price really the best deal…and, what is fair value? As we saw in part 1 you must choose your bankruptcy attorney or lawyer with at least the care of purchasing a good suit or pair of shoes! It may take some shopping and an understanding that in the end we only ” get what we pay for ” whether for quality clothing or for legal services. However, since obtaining a discharge, debt relief and a fresh start are so essential to the commencement of the rest of your life Guy Vining respectfully suggests the following:

4.    Your bankruptcy attorney should use at least two fee agreements. At the Vining Law Group, PLC your first visit for an initial consultation is completely without charge. The first fee agreement from your bankruptcy attorney at the Vining Law Group, PLC will verify this. Specifically, the bankruptcy lawyer will sign a statement for your record and his that the first meeting does not create an attorney client relationship and is without any charge to you. This is your oppurtunity to get quality and free advice and to see whether your feel comfortable with the bankruptcy attorney. Afterall, an attorney client relationship is an important relationship which could span a bankruptcy alone or even many, many years. Guy Vining has dozens of clients that have done business with him for many years and have been so satisfied that they have referred many family members and friends for legal assistance.

5.    At the initial meeting all fees, costs and proceedures will be carefully explained to you. If you decide then or later to hire Vining Law Group, PLC as your bankruptcy attorney then a second and more detailed fee agreement will be prepared in writing which will guarentee to you and your family what the standard charges for services are. This document will outline what charges are for filing fee, required credit counseling courses, credit checks, and all standard services from filing to discharge. It is important to Vining Law Group, PLC that not only do you have a clear understanding of these obligations but also that there are no unpleasant financial surprises for you. Afterall, you have already had enough of financial problems!! Is some bankruptcy cases additional non-standard problems arise which your bankruptcy lawyer can not always anticipate. However, during your initial and subsequent interviews your bankruptcy attorney will attempt to guide that process and examine whether there may be some rough spots. If so, they will be discussed and all of your questions answered. The second fee agreement will be prepared to indicated what additional charges for court cost and attorney fees for your bankruptcy lawyer will be if such problems do occur.

When calling a prospective bankruptcy attorney or lawyer do not be shy. It is your case and your financial future. Make sure that you find out what their policies are in relation to attorney fees and other costs. Do they provide two written fee agreements for your protection as a consumer? Do they provide an initial consultation without a charge? In addition, make sure that during your initial conference that you discuss whether there are unusual features of your case which may require additional work for the bankruptcy attorney. If there may be additional work for the bankruptcy lawyer then get a clear understanding in wiriting of what the related charges will be. If you have any questions at all please free to contact bankruptcy attorney, Guy Vining

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